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This article is part of a series on Taxation in the United States of America Federal taxation Alternative minimum tax Capital gains tax Corporate tax Estate tax Excise tax Gift tax Income tax Payroll tax Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Internal Revenue Code (IRC) IRS tax forms Revenue by state History Constitutional authority Taxpayer standing Court Protest Evasion State and local taxation State income tax Property tax Sales tax Use tax Land value tax State tax levels Federal tax reform Automated payment transaction tax 9–9–9 Competitive Tax Plan Efficient Taxation of Income FairTax Flat tax Hall–Rabushka flat tax Kemp Commission Taxpayer Choice Act USA Tax Value added tax Border-adjustment tax United States portal v t e The Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ), formally the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 , is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States, published in various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, and separately as Title 26 of the United Sta...

The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801 ; 2 Stat. 89, and officially An act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States ) represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the Justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts. [1] The Supreme Court Justices had often voiced concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided. President Thomas Jefferson did not want the judiciary to gain more power over the executive branch. Contents 1 Effect on judicial divisions and authority 2 The Midnight Judges 3 The Election of 1800 4 Marbury v. Madison 5 Impeachment of Samuel Chase 6 Federal question jurisdiction 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links Effect on judicial divisions and authori...

President John Adams saw most of his appointments undone when the circuit courts to which they were appointed were abolished. Following is a list of all Article III federal judges appointed by John Adams . In total, John Adams appointed 22 Article III United States federal judges during his tenure (1797–1801) as President of the United States. Of these, 3 were appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States, 15 were to the United States circuit courts, and 4 to the United States district courts. Thirteen of the fifteen circuit court judges appointed by Adams were to positions created at the end of his tenure in office, in the Judiciary Act of 1801, 2 Stat. 89, which became known as the Midnight Judges Act. All of these offices were abolished by the repeal of this Act on July 1, 1802, by 2 Stat. 132. The remaining two were to judgeships for the District of Columbia, authorized under a different Act of Congress, not the Judiciary Act. Nonetheless, Adams made an indelible impact on...